Being among the most prominent parasitical diseases are the ones caused by myxozoans parasites such as and (often shortened to Ich) is associated with high levels of mortality (up to 100%) in freshwater fish [35]. rely on proteomic-based techniques to better understand pathogen-host interactions. Preventative therapies that Chrysin 7-O-beta-gentiobioside rely on prophylactics such as vaccination with protein antigens or attenuated viruses are not usually feasible and therefore, the development of therapies based on small nucleotide based medicine is on the horizon. Of those, RNAi or CRISPR/Cas- based therapies show great promise in combating various types of diseases caused by viral and parasitic brokers that effect aquatic and fish medicine. Conclusions In our modern times, when the marine industry has become so vital for feed and economic stability, even the most extreme option treatment strategies such as the use of small molecules or even the use of disease to control invasive species populations should be considered. family of viruses, which is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious disease termed Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and 2) spring viraemia of carp computer virus (SVCV), which is a member of the family of viruses. Additionally, outbreaks of KHVD and SVC in cultured common carp caused significant economic losses in recent years. KHVD has been a major research topic in aquatic medicine and has been listed as a notifiable disease in Germany since 2005, in England and by the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) since 2007 [8C13]. Similarly, the SVC is usually a major topic of aquatic research and is outlined as a notifiable disease in the USA, and has been outlined by the OIE since 1997 [14, 15]. Hemorrhagic septicemia computer virus (VHSV) is usually another pathogenic member of known to infect northern pike, fry [16]. Members of the family of viruses that code for the non-virion protein (NV) are subtyped into their own genus termed such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis computer virus (IHNV), which causes an OIE notifiable disease and is an economically important in a wide variety of salmonid species [17]. Infectious salmon anemia computer virus (ISAV) the causative agent of the ISA and White Spot Syndrome Computer virus (WSSV) the causative agent of White Spot Disease are of major economic importance in the respective salmon and crustacean aquaculture sector [18, 19]. comprises a family of double stranded DNA computer virus that infect a wide variety of invertebrate and marine organisms, such as the genus another representative genus in the Smad4 family, is a global emergent pathogen capable of infecting fish, amphibians, and reptiles in both captive and wild animals causing hemorrhagic disease [22]. which are non-enveloped single Chrysin 7-O-beta-gentiobioside stranded RNA viruses, comprise an additional important family of viruses impacting the aquaculture industry [23, 24]. Bacterial pathogens Among the most note-worthy bacterial aquatic pathogens is the warmwater bacterium as well as its cold water relative is considered one of the most important bacterial pathogen affecting the culture of catfish, in particular the channel Chrysin 7-O-beta-gentiobioside catfish in the Southern United States [26] and, as it has been more recently reported, the striped catfish in Vietnam [30, 31]. In shrimp, bacterial infections are mostly linked to bacteria of the family, in particularly to which has recently been linked to an emergent disease termed acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease [32]. Open in a separate windows Fig. 1 Clinical indicators in a rainbow trout ((from personal archives, previously unpublished). a Petechia and haemorrhages in the oral region; b Exophtalmia; c Large arrows- blood in the intestinal track and Small arrow- petechia in the visceral tissue Parasites Parasitic diseases are often associated with more chronic diseases that can cause a sustained loss of productivity over the whole production cycle, and therefore the economical impact of these diseases can.