Lanes 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.- RCA binding to WOAs with 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and Zaleplon 120 mM sodium periodate pre-treatment. antigens. Finally, using carbohydrate probes, we exhibited for the first time that the presence of several lectins on the surface of the oncosphere was specific to carbohydrates found in intestinal mucus, suggesting a possible role in initial attachment of the parasite to host cells. as well as others are the Zaleplon causative brokers of several diseases in animals and humans. The life cycle of includes the pig as the normal intermediate host, harboring the larval vesicles or cysticerci; and humans as the definitive host, harboring the adult tapeworm. Humans can also serve as the intermediate host and develop the cystic form after ingesting eggs found in food or water contaminated with feces (Verastegui et al. Rabbit polyclonal to AGBL1 2003; Verastegui et al. 2002). Human cysticercosis is an important contributor to neuro-pathology in endemic areas, while porcine cysticercosis is an important disease present in 30C60% of free range pigs in Peru and other Latin American countries, and is responsible for widespread economic losses among farmers (Flisser et al. 2004; Flisser et al. 2003; Garcia et al. 2010; Verastegui et al. 2003). Recent studies on infections produced by helminthic parasites as or have shown that the immune response in infected humans and animals is usually targeted toward carbohydrate determinants on their outer surface and secreted glycoconjugates Zaleplon (Alvarez et al. 2008; Gruden et al. 2002; Hulsmeier et al. 2010; Kouguchi et al. 2011; Miguez et al. 1996; Nyame et al. 2004). In cysticercosis, the oncosphere (hexacanth larva) and its secretions are a potent source of immunogens (Pathak and Gaur 1990; Plancarte et al. 1999; Verastegui et al. 2003; Verastegui et al. 2002; Zimic et al. 2007). Indeed, several studies have exhibited that vaccination with oncospheral antigens provides a high degree of protection in pigs (Jayashi et al. 2012; Flisser et al. 2004; Lightowlers et al. 2003; Plancarte et al. 1999; Verastegui et al. 2003; Verastegui et al. 2002). In studies, nearly 100% of all human tapeworm Zaleplon carriers have antibodies to one or both oncospheral antigens of 22.5 and 31.3 kDa (OAs) (Verastegui et al. 2003; Verastegui et al. 2002). This obtaining highlights the potential for using both OAs as predictors of exposure to eggs and to demonstrate which patients may develop cysticercosis in the future. The 31.3 kDa oncospheral antigen has been cloned (Tso31 immunogen) and tested as a vaccine but failed to confer significant protection against cysticercosis in pigs (Mayta et al. 2007), while the protective role of the 22.5 kDa oncospheral antigen remains unknown. However, the immunity against oncosphere was evaluated by oncosphere-killing assays where activated oncospheres were incubated with sera from pigs vaccinated with the recombinant oncosphere protein TSOL18 and a source of complement. After 10 days of culture the oncospheres were killed in comparison to the control demonstrating that this immunity was mediated by the joint action of antibodies and complement (Kyngdon et al. 2006). In this study we evaluated the carbohydrate composition on whole oncosphere antigens (WOAs) and its possible role in antigenicity. Detailed knowledge of sugar composition of the glycocalix of oncosphere is not available. To improve the understanding of the function of WOAs it is important to know if antigenicity is usually conferred by their carbohydrate or peptide composition. Furthermore, using carbohydrate probes we describe for the first time the presence of lectins around the oncospheral surface that could be involved in the host-parasite interaction. To study the composition and distribution of carbohydrates on oncosphere, a set of lectin conjugates with wide carbohydrate specificity were used on parasites, which were fixed around the slides by fluorescent histochemistry and their somatic extract by the lectin blot assay. The relative contribution of carbohydrates to the antigenicity of WOAs was resolved by chemical oxidation with sodium periodate, and by enzymatic deglycosylation. The changes in antigenicity following these two approaches were analyzed by Zaleplon Western blot employing sera from pigs.
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